Influence of different types of tobacco smoking on seminal fluid parameters and sex hormones among males from the Gaza Strip

Background: Smoking is a global problem that negatively affects human health and fertility the endocrine functions of male reproductive system. Objectives: The present study aims to investigate influence different types tobacco smoking (cigarette, hookah, electronic) on semen parameters sex hormones in males from Gaza Strip. Methods Materials: A total 206 samples were classified into 156 cases 50 controls. have been three groups depending type (cigarette "n=52", hookah "n=55", electronic "n=49"). Semen collected smokers compared non-smokers. Additionally, blood also assess level (testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing (LH)). Results: significant increase FSH LH levels has found non-smokers (P < 0.001), while decrease testosterone observed smokers’ men 0.001). Significant variations shown sperm concentration 0.001) percentages motility active progressive slow = 0.004), immotile spermatozoa among groups. Furthermore, testosterone, FSH, results showed positive correlations between concentration, motility, smokers. Conclusions: negative influences